CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
In the United
Kingdom, a preposition (the future of) the nickname of small words. Seen
glimpses of prepositions is just short words are not important, but in fact has
a very important function.
Preposition is
always followed by a noun (noun) or pronoun (pronoun). A preposition is a word
that suggests a liaison relationship between the noun that follows him and one
of the basic elements of a sentence, that is subject, verb, object or
complement. A noun or pronoun that follows the preposition is the object of a
preposition. Pronouns used in this position is always an object pronoun, like
me, you, him, her, it, us and them. Prepositions plus object called a
preposition phrase (prepositional phrase).
1.2 Problem formulation
Based on the
background of these problems then we formulate the contents of the paper are as
follows:
1.
Identify
the sense of Preposition ?
2.
Identify
the types of preposition ?
3.
Identify
ways to use ?
1.3 Purpose
Studying and
understanding this paper materials namely about preposition then expected we
can understand the sense, different types, and how to use it. As for any other
purpose the preparation of this paper was to fulfill the course Structure.
CHAPTER
II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Prepositions
Prepositions
have been called the biggest little words in English. They are usually quite
short and signification looking, but they have very important functions. Take a
look at these sentence and notice how completely different the meaning of each
sentence is
a)
A
letter was sent to peter
b)
A
letter was sent for peter
c)
A
letter was sent by peter
d)
A
letter was sent from peter
Only the
prepositions change, but that is enough to change the meaning entirely.
Prepositions are always followed by nouns (or pronouns). They are connective
words that show the relationship between the nouns following them and one of
the basic sentence element: subject, verb, object, or complement. They usually
indicate relationship, such as position, place, direction, time, manner, agent,
possession, and condition, between their objects and other parts of the
sentence. Prepositional phrase usually provide information asked for by the
question words who, what, where, when, why, how, and how long
The noun or
pronoun following the preposition is its object. A pronoun used in this
preposition is always an object pronoun: me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.
The prepositions plus its object is called the prepositional phrase.
2.2 Type of Preposition
A preposition can be classified into
6 types :
1.
Simple
preposition
The most
commonly used simple preposition are : after, at, by, for, from, of, over, or
in, through to, until, under, up, with, etc. Example : I saw him on Friday
2.
Double
preposition
The most
commonly used double preposition are : into, on, to, from, under, from among,
from off, from within, over again, etc. Example : The boys gets into bed
3.
Compound
preposition
A compound
preposition is a preposition witch is formed from noun, adjective or adverb and
it is combined with preposition “be” (by) or “a” (on). Example : He sits beside
me
4.
Participial
preposition
The most
commonly used participial preposition are : during, not withstanding, past,
expect, save, considering, touching, concerning, regarding, and owing to.
Example : It is quarter past one.
5.
Phrase
preposition
The most
commonly used preposition phrase / phrase preposition are : Because of, by
means of, by reasons, in spite of. Example : Ahmad doesn’t enter the class
because of this illness.
6.
Disquised
preposition.
A disguised preposition is shown in
such words below :
·
Behind
→ “be” : by hind = behind
·
Across
→ “on” : “a” on cross = a cross
Example : He has gone for hunting
2.3 Use of the prepositional phrase in the
sentence
Many
prepositional phrase seem adverbial in meaning, in that they often indicate
time, place, manner, or degree, as adverbs do. However, the same prepositonal
phrase may be used as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun.
·
The
delegates went for a swim before breakfast. (Adverb)
·
A
swim before breakfast is better than one after dinner. (Adjective)
·
Before
breakfast is a good time to swim. (Noun)
Prepositional
phrases used as adverbs usually follow the verb, though like adverbs, they can
be moved to other prepositions in the sentence. Prepositional phrases used as
adjectives usually follow the nouns they modify. Prepositional phrases used as
nouns will be subject, object, or complement in the sentence.
2.4 Meaning categories
The following
list illustrate the use of prepositional phrases to convey specific kinds of
information.
1. Place,position
Example :
·
Across
her house is across the street
·
After
the first street after the bridge is state street
·
Against
his by cycle was leaning against the fence
·
Among
the letter might be among those papers
·
Around
the shop is just around the corner
·
At
he used to be a student at a north American university
·
Before
I have your letter before me now
·
Behind
the garage is behind the house
·
Below
they live in apartment below ours
·
Between
his shop is between the bank and the post office
·
That
house by the lake is my dream house
·
In
she was dozing in an armchair when we got there
·
In
front of the ball stopped in front of the bus
·
Inside
come in. It is warmer inside the house
·
Near
you shouldn't smoke near gasoline
·
On
he found the book on the table
·
On
top of I want whipped cream on the top of my strawberries
·
Opposite
the school is opposite the church
·
Outside
there's bird's nest outside my window
·
Over
the window is over the radiator
·
To
attach the rope to the bumper of the car
·
Under
the book was under the desk
·
Underneath
the book is underneath the papers
2. Direction
Example :
o
Across
I am going across the street to see my cousin
o
At
the children threw stone at the bear
o
By
way of can't we drive to new york by way of Philadelphia?
o
Down
we saw her walking down fifth avenue
o
Into
I saw her going into the theater a few minutes ago
o
Out
of he took some money out of his pocket
o
To
she went to the grocery store
o
Through
the bird flew through the open window
o
Toward
this road leads toward the sea
o
Up
the salmon were swimming up the river
o
Upon
the birds was perched upon his shoulder
3. Time
Example :
-
About
I think she will be away about a week
-
After
would you please call after eight
-
Around
I get to my office around nine every morning
-
At I
told her to meet us at six o'clock sharp
-
Before
take the medicine before the mealtime
-
By
she should be back by seven at the latest
-
During
during the winter, I think I'll go to Florida
-
From...to
the office will be open from nine to one every day
-
From...until
she works from eight until two six days a week
-
In
I'll meet you in an hour
4. Purpose, reason
Example :
- For take this medicine for your
headache
5. Possession
Example :
- Of the leader of the scout has not
arrived yet
6. Manner, instrument
Example :
-
By I
enjoy going there by train
-
In
you can't go to that restaurant in jeans
-
Like
that clown walk like a duck
-
With
she writes with a pen
7. Identification
Example :
-
At
the shop at the corner sells stamps
-
By
that book by Hemingway is a masterpiece
-
In
the man in the dark suit is my neighbor
-
On
the apartment on the second floor is smaller than ours
- With people with law degrees often go
into politics
8. Distance
Example :
- For we walked for miles and miles
9. Agent
Example :
-
By this film was directed by a
Czech director
10.
Material
Example :
- With I must fill my pen with ink
11.
Quantity
Example :
- By meat is sold by the pound or by
kilo
2.5 Prepositions with multiple meanings
Some
prepositions are used to express a variety of meanings. These may be present
difficulties. Some of the common prepositions with their various meaning and
their most common used are summarized as follows for references purposes.
1. Around
"At approximately"
-
The
police believe the man died around six o'clock
-
The
temperature has been around 32 celcius degrees all day
"In the vincinity of"
- People have reported seeing a stranger
around the store"
2. At
With a street address if the house
number given
-
She
lives at 18 Magnolia Street
-
With
points in time
-
He
arrived at 08.00
-
Those
farmers stop working at sunset
With prices
-
They
are on sale at two dollars a dozen
-
I
cannot afford to buy them at that price
3. By
"Alone" (with a reflexive
pronoun)
-
He
lives by himself
-
She
did the homework by herself
"Past" (with verbs of
motion)
-
I
always walk by that house on my way to work
-
Several
ways buses go by our house
"At the latest" (with a
maximum time limit)
-
He
will be here by five o'clock
-
All
classes will be over by June.
4. For
To indicate the duration of time
-
She
played the piano for two years
-
They
lived in Washington for two years
"In exchange for"
-
He
rented the house for very little money
-
I
bought this book for two dollars
With the beneficiary of an action
-
Shall
I open the window for you?
-
He
baked a cake for me
"Instead of," "in
place of"
-
When
he was away, his neighbor did the work for him
-
With
the subject of an infinitive
-
It
is important for them to arrive early
-
For
him to go to a party is unusual
5. In
With cities, states, countries,
continents
-
He
lives in Cairo
-
That
river is in California
-
Rice
is grown in Thailand
With periods of time
-
I
saw him in January
-
The
mail comes in the morning
With lengths of time
-
He
will come in an hour
-
He
finished that book in one evening
With languages
- That opera was originally written in
Italian
6. On
To indicate contact with a surface
-
The
book is on the table
-
The
picture is on the wall
-
There
is a light on the ceiling
With days of the week and dates
-
Summer
begins on June 21
-
We
do not have classes on Sundays
With the name of a street
-
I
live on McKinley street
-
She
is visiting a friend on Magnolia Street
7. With
To indicate association
-
She
is with a consulting firm
-
I
will stay with the car while you go for help
8. Without
To indicate the absence of something
-
Nothing
can live without water
-
I am
without money today and cannot buy the tickets
2.6 Prepositions that are often confused
In, on, and at
discussed previously, are probably the most often confused nglish prepositions.
Following are some others.
1. Above, over
Above refers to a place higher than
a certain point. Over refers to a place directly above a certain point.
-
The
temperature is well above freezing
-
He
held an umbrella over his head
Over also means "more
than" and "in the course of" a period af time
-
He
is over eighty years old
-
Over
the years, he has proven to be a true friend
2. Below,under
Below refers to a place lower than
the a certain point. Under refers to a place directly below a certain point
-
That
valley is below sea level
-
His
shoes are under the bed
Under also means "less
than" and "under the supervision of"
-
The
children in this class are under six years of age
-
She
works under the managing editor
3. Beneath, underneath
Beneath and underneath
mean almost the same thing in many uses. Generally, both indicate a position
lower than a given point. When the meaning diverge, underneath conveys more
specifically the meaning of one object being covered up by another, and beneath
may be used in a figurative sense. It may be useful to associate underneath
with under and beneath with below.
-
Two
hundred feet beneath (below) the surface of the earth, solid rock was found
-
The
official does not consider it beneath him to type his own letters
-
The shoes
were found underneath a pile of clothes in the closet
4. To, toward
To is used with
verbs of motion and definite destinations. Toward means "in the general
direction of".
-
We
walked to the station.
-
All
mosque face toward Mecca.
5. Beside,besides
Beside means "next to".
Besides means "in addition to".
-
He
is sitting beside his brother.
-
Two
others won prizes besides us.
6. In,into
In is used with
locations or conditions. Into is used with verbs that show motion (real or
metaphorical) from one place or sate to another.
-
The
child is in the pool. The child jumped into the pool.
-
The
patient is in coma. The patient slipped into a coma.
7. Past, beyond
Past is used
with verbs of motion to indicate approaching, then passing by certain point. Beyond
refers to a location further away than some specified concrete or abstract
point.
-
The
car went past the monument at 10.00.
-
He
lives beyond the post office.
-
His
generosity is beyond belief.
8. Between, among
Between refers
to position in relation to two person or things. Among refers to position in
relation to three or more persons or things.
-
I
want put the table between those two windows.
-
I
found you letter among my school papers.
9. Through, throughout
Through refers to motion first into
then out of something. Throughout used with something that is distributed in
every part of something.
-
Let's
walk through the park.
-
The
news spread throughout the country.
2.7 More preposition
Now, we will
dealt with some of the most troublesome prepositions in English. The ones in
this lesson are, on the whole, more straightforward in meaning and perhaps less
susceptible to varying usage, in spite of their sometimes more complex
structure. Here is a list for reference.
1. According to
According to is used to cite an
authority or source of information.
-
According
to the latest census, Houston, has more than a million inhabitants.
-
According
to the critics, the play is excellent.
2. Against
Against means "in opposite
to"
-
Salmon
swim upstream, against the current.
-
National
fight wars against other nations that threaten them.
3. As far as
As far as is used to indicate a
limit reached in the course of an activity.
-
We
walked as far as the park before we got tired.
-
He
threw the ball as far as the fence.
4. Before,after
Before means "earlier than the
time of" after means "later than the time of".
-
He
studied before an examination.
-
He
relaxes after work every day.
5. Despite, in spite of
Despite, like
in spite of, has the meaning of "without regard to". It is often used
in the expression despite the fact that.
-
They
are playing football despite the rain.
-
They
are playing despite the fact that it is raining.
-
She
came to school today in spite of the doctor's warnings.
6. During
During relates
an activity to a specific period of time. The activity may be constant or
intermittenent.
-
My
cousin lived in St.Louis during the most of her childhood
-
We
ate hot dogs and drink soda during the football game.
7. Inside
Inside means that something is contained
by a limit or boundary.
-
The
paper is inside the drawer.
-
You
will find your gift inside thet box.
8. Like,unlike
Like means "similar to".
Unlike means "different from".
-
His
mind is like an adding machine.
-
The
film is unlike the book.
Just like means "exactly the
same as".
-
You
look just like your brother.
9. Near
Near means "not far away
from".
-
The
bank is near the post office.
-
Her
car is parked near the school.
10.
Off
Off shows that something is removed
from contact or connection with a place it occupied before.
-
He
took the book off the shelf.
-
I
lost a button off my coat.
11.
Opposite
Opposite means "directly across
from".
-
The
site opposite me in the cafetaria every day.
-
There
is a new building opposite our house.
12.
Until
Until indicates the continuation of
an action or a step up to a specified point.
-
I
will wait for you until five o'clock.
-
He
lived there until his marriage.
13.
Upon
Upon means "on top of" or
"as a result of".
-
They
placed a crown upon Caesar's head.
-
Upon
hearing that he was in town, I telephoned him.
Upon is also used with depend and
verbs of similar meaning ( rely, count ).
-
You
can depand upon my promises
-
He
caannot be relied upon.
On may replaced upon in all of
these.
- On is somewhat less than upon.
14.
Within
Within indicates that something is
inside described limits.
-
The
mail will arrive within an hour.
-
That
decision is not within my area of authority; it is beyond my jurisdiction.
CHAPTER
III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
A preposition
is classified as a part of speech in grammer. It denotes the relationship to
some other words in a sentence with are placed before a noun or a pronoun.
Prepositions
are always followed by nouns (or pronouns). They are connective words that show
the relationship between the nouns following them and one of the basic sentence
element: subject, verb, object, or complement. They usually indicate
relationship, such as position, place, direction, time, manner, agent,
possession, and condition, between their objects and other parts of the
sentence. Prepositional phrase usually provide information asked for by the
question words who, what, where, when, why, how, and how long
The noun or
pronoun following the preposition is its object. A pronoun used in this
preposition is always an object pronoun: me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.
The prepositions plus its object is called the prepositional phrase.
REFERENCES
Ahmad, Izzam, Try May Hadi. 2007. Basic
English Grammer. Jakarta :
Azar, Betty Achrampfer. 2000.
Understanding and Using Grammer. Jakarta : Bina Rupa Aksara
Macmillan, Collier. 1972. English
900. London : English Language Services, Inc
Swijin, Drs. 2007. Perfect
English Grammer. Bandung : CV Yrama Widya
www.yrama-widya.co.id 20 November
2013, makalah preposition
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